Improvised Dialogues: Emergence and Creativity in Conversation (Publications in Creativity Research)

By R. Keith Sawyer

Improvised Dialogues is the 1st social-scientific research of Chicago improv theater. It makes a speciality of the collaborative verbal creativity that improvising actors use to generate their unscripted dialogues. the writer spent years as a performer, and videotaped 15 varied Chicago theater groups―both reside performances and rehearsals―resulting in virtually 50 hours of functionality information. to investigate those dialogues, the e-book offers the speculation of collaborative emergence, which makes a speciality of how varied pre-existing buildings consultant improvisation, and the way actors use discussion to together create a singular, dramatically coherent functionality. even if the discussion isn't really scripted, a hugely established functionality emerges. simply because those components of improvisation are found in all linguistic interplay, the idea exhibits how those dialogues are proper to all researchers who research verbal performance.

Improvised Dialogues is therefore located on the intersection of numerous fields, each one of which incorporates a culture of analysis on improvisation and dialog. In sociology, researchers resembling dialog analysts have lengthy studied how contributors in interplay creatively produce an orderly discussion. In folkloristics and linguistic anthropology, researchers have all started to stress the significance of creativity in functionality. In psychology, modern creativity concept has all started to take account of interactional and social components influencing creativity. All of those fields learn collaborative, interactive craetivity; no unmarried performer controls the crowd, yet every one performer is subtly inspired via the activities of the others.

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A similar approach is implicit in the ethnomethodological grounding of CA; race, class, or asymmetric role relations are features of context that are presumed to  operate through the interpretive orientations of participants, which arise from individual processes that occurred prior to the beginning of the encounter. In contrast, with improvised dialogues the interactional frame does not exist prior to the encounter. This makes it extremely difficult to theorize the frame as a pre­ existing mental structure, either as a cognitive representational structure such as Shank’s script, or as a set of subjective interpretive meanings that are applied by  individuals on the basis of their orientations toward certain types of encounters. For this reason, improvisation is ideal for studying the independent causation of the  interactional frame, conceptualized as an irreducibly emergent social phenomenon. In an improvised theater performance, as each minute of the drama proceeds, the dramatic frame becomes more complex (as predicted in the previous subsection)  and the interactional frame exerts increasing interactional power. This causal power is both constraining and enabling. A more complex frame is more constraining  because each turn of dialogue has to be consistent with every piece of information in the frame; as more information enters the frame, there is more that   Page 86 actors have to be consistent with, and this results in a narrower range of possible dramatic actions. Once all of the characters have been defined, and their relationships  have been determined, the actors all have to accept those dramatic frame elements; thus they are constrained from proposing alternate characters or relationships. At the same time, this additional frame complexity enables implicit metapragmatic strategies (see Ochs, 1992). A more complex frame, once it has emerged, begins  to provide some of the power required to maintain coherence across the interaction; consequently, the actors do not have to invest as much metapragmatic power to  maintain coherence. This enables them to spend more of their interactional power proposing elaborations and refinements to the emergent frame. I provide evidence of  this in Chapter 8. This discussion has superficial similarities with Giddens’ (1984) structuration theory. Individuals co­create their social context through situated social action, at the  same time that that co­created social context constrains and enables their own and subsequent actions. However, Giddens’ theories are interpretivist, heavily influenced  by phenomenology and ethnomethodology, and Giddens explicitly rejected emergentism (see Sawyer, 2001b). Contra Giddens, I conceive of both constraint and  enablement as causal relations; whether conceived of as constraint or as enablement, both are cases where the interactional frame, as an emergent social phenomenon,  has empirically observable causal relations with the subsequent actions of individual participants. More elaborated, more complex frames are both more constraining  and yet more enabling at the same time.

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