Fetology: Diagnosis and Management of the Fetal Patient, Second Edition

Toma P, Costa A, Magnano GM, Cariati M, Lituania M. Holoprosencephaly: prenatal analysis by means of sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Prenat Diagn 1990;10:429–436. Tongsong T, Wanapirak, C, Chanprapaph P, Siriangkul S. First trimester sonographic prognosis of holoprosencephaly. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999;66:165–169. Urioste M, Valcarcel E, Gomez MA, et al. Holoprosencephaly and trisomy 21 in a toddler born to a nondiabetic mom. Am J Med Genet 1988;30:925–928. Van Allen MI, Ritchie S, Toi A, Fong okay, Winsor E. Trisomy four in a fetus with cyclopia and different anomalies. Am J Med Genet 1993;46:193–197. Wallis DE, Muenke M. Molecular mechanisms of holoprosencephaly. Mol Genet Metab 1999;68:126–138. Wallis DE, Roessler E, Hehr U, et al. Mutations within the homeodomain of the human SIX3 gene reason holoprosencephaly. Nat Genet 1999;22:196–198. Whiteford ML, Tolmie JL. Holoprosencephaly within the west of Scotland 1975–1994. J Med Genet 1996;33:578–584. bankruptcy 14 Hydranencephaly Fetology: analysis and administration of the Fetal sufferer bankruptcy 14 Hydranencephaly situation occurrence Sonographic Findings Differential prognosis Antenatal common historical past administration of being pregnant Fetal Intervention therapy of the child surgical operation long term final result Genetics and Recurrence chance bankruptcy References Hydranencephaly describes a situation within which the cerebral hemispheres are nearly absent. The hemispheres are changed by means of membranous sacs containing cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges and cranium are intact. The cerebellum and mind stem tend to be general. The falx is generally current yet will be partly or thoroughly absent. Hydranencephaly is taken into account the main critical kind of a spectrum of issues that comes with porencephalic cyst and schizencephaly. it really is differentiated from severe hydrocephalus through the shortcoming of any identifiable cerebral cortex in hydranencephaly. Hydranencephaly has additionally been often called hydrocephalic anencephaly, hydroencephalodysplasia, hydromerencephaly, and cystencephaly ( Romero et al. 1988). the main as a rule accredited mechanism for the advance of hydranencephaly is bilateral inner carotid artery occlusion leading to cerebral infarction. Myers (1969) defined the surgical ligation of the typical carotid arteries and jugular veins of a rhesus monkey fetus at eighty four to 86 days of gestation. On next postmortem exam the fetal skull was once totally constructed; even if, the cerebral hemispheres have been absent and changed by way of skinny membranous sacs jam-packed with cerebrospinal fluid, whereas the mind stem and cerebellum have been basic ( Myers 1969). Prenatal infections together with toxoplasmosis (Altshuler 1973; Plantaz et al. 1987), cytomegalovirus (Kubo et al. 1994), rubella (Deshmukh et al. 1993), and herpes simplex infections (Christie et al. 1986; Hutto et al. 1987) have additionally been linked to hydranencephaly. Hemorrhagic states reminiscent of familial issue XIII deficiency have additionally been mentioned ( Takada 1989). the common case of hydranencephaly is that of an remoted discovering without extra abnormalities.